Welcome to the cell biology blog. This
blog is for students in the cell biology course at The Master's College, but
anyone is free to join. My name is Dr Francis and I teach the cell biology
course. Please feel free to contact me at jfrancis@masters.edu if you have
questions about this blog.
What are cells? Cells are often
distinguished from viruses, but recent discoveries of some very large viruses
suggest that this distinction is becoming more and more fuzzy.
Also, is there such a thing as unicellular
life? Can cells and do some organisms exist as single cells? Well I might be
going out on a limb but I do not believe that unicellular life exists. That
is certainly a statement that is subject to a lot of interpretation. Let me
explain.
First, single cells do exist, and some
appear to lead independent lives, for instance creatures we call microbes like
bacteria or paramecium. So what then does the term unicellular mean? It is a
term used to distinguish free living independent cells from those which live in
tissues, or the multicellular condition. Cells which live in this multicellular
state live in close contact with other cells. But I would argue that all cells
live in close contact with other cells.
So how likely is it that you are going to
find microbes living alone, in a true unicellular state. Take a pinch of soil;
you will find thousands of creatures living there, many interacting with each
other. Consider an amoeba or paramecium or other pond organism. How many of
these creatures do you know who live in their own private pond?!
But really, lets get down to the nitty
gritty, could you not isolate a single bacterium and give it a nice petri dish
with lots of nutrients in the corner of your room? But wait a minute, about
every 30 minutes, this guy will generate his own friends, within a few hours a
full grown microbial party will be in force. I am wondering just how easy it is
to isolate a single living bacterium. How would you do it?
I challenge the
microbiology students every year and tell them I will give them an A in the lab
course if they can isolate and stain a single bacterium on a single microscope
slide. What would you have to do to accomplish this task? ( I might give some
credit just for a protocol for how you would do this).
Lets face it. Life is multicellular at
every level. But wait. What about those pond organisms? they seem independent.
More and more studies are showing that most of these critters carry bacteria
around. There is even one strain that lives with a bacterium in its
macronucleus. Why in the world would you want to carry a bacterium in your
macronucleus? I have asked a lot of people, and no one has given me a
satisfactory answer. I have gotten some weird looks ….as if the person is
thinking, what the heck is a macronucleus and why do I care?
A lot of single celled pond organisms eat
bacteria or algae. But there
is one pond organism Paramecium bursarium which eats algae and bacteria but also
knows how to ingest some algae and not digest them; instead it keeps them as
energy harvesting slaves! Whoa! How does it know to eat some critters and digest
them and eat other critters an not digest them? Remember this is a small
creature with no brain and no nervous system.
So the questions for
the blog today are:
1 Investigate the Mimi virus and explain
how it is like cells but also different from cells. Is this a true virus in
your opinion?
2 Mimi virus is infected with viruses. What are these viruses and what could they being doing inside Mimi virus?
3 What
is a macronucleus and why would you want to live there? cheap rent?
cozy?
4 How would you
isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide?
5 How
can Paramecium eat algae but not digest it?
6 What is the advantage to being multicellular?
Blog responses are due Feb 4.
The Mimi virus is one of the largest viruses that contains many smaller viruses inside of it. It was first thought to be a bacteria cell, but once researchers looked closer they saw that it was really a virus. The size of the Mimi virus genome is significantly larger than most bacteria, which can be seen as one of the differences between the two. The Mimi virus does have some of the proteins and amino acids to code for translation, which may cause it to look like a cell. However, the virus does not have many of the characteristic of the cell, such as response to stimuli or undergoing cell division to reproduce. It does not have the ribosomal protein genes, so it has to depend on a host cell to replicate. I believe this to be a true virus based on the information I researched because it seems that there is enough evidence to prove that it is a wide spread and common virus among cells.
ReplyDeleteA macronucleus is the larger nucleus in protozoans that contributes to the cell by controlling the non-reproductive functions. I would want to live in the macronucleus because it is the bigger nucleus in the cell, making more room for the functions to work in the nucleus.
Paramecium cells have the ability to eat algae by the cytostome, which is an opening similar to a mouth where they let their food in. The food they eat goes into a vacuole where the nutrients are stored. The nutrients are held in the vacuole and then exit by diffusion into the cytoplasm. I am not too sure if the algae diffuses into the cytoplasm like other nutrients; maybe someone can help me with that part of the question?
I think it is obvious that multicellular organisms can perform more functions than a unicellular organism because they are made up of many kinds of cells. They are able to adapt to their surrounding environments better because of the different components they have. Multicellular organisms will still survive if a few of the cells die because they have more cells to use.
Olivia, Thanks for being first!!!
ReplyDeleteDr Francis
First, I want to say that I agree with you, Dr. Francis. I don’t think there is such a thing as unicellular life. Many definitions of cells define cells as basic biological unit structures that contain membranes. I may be totally wrong about this, but it seems to me that the smaller you go, you can always go smaller. And no matter how small you go, there will still be biological unit structures with membranes. If matter consists of matter, and small stuff is made up of even smaller stuff, then it seems that no matter how far down you go, there will still be “cells.” Something can’t come from nothing and it can’t be made up of nothing either. And when we can’t see any more structures, it’s because we aren’t capable of seeing them, not because they aren’t there. And again, I could be totally wrong, but it looks to me like God is quietly chuckling while evolutionists amuse themselves, because no matter how complex we think things are, they are always more complex than we can know. We can never truly grasp it all, because we serve a mighty big God who has mighty big plans even for the teeniest little details. And that’s why I think that neither evolution nor unicellular life is possible. ☺
ReplyDelete1. The mimi virus has some noticeable differences from your standard, everyday, ho-hum virus. Not only is it a giant virus, and possibly the largest one in existence, but it is also ingested by an amoeba through phagocytosis. Ingested! Engulfed! Consumed! That’s rather strange for a virus, right? Most viruses infect a cell by attaching themselves to a poor little cell in a process called adsorption. Then through penetration, the virus injects its genome into the cell and begins to replicate. However, this does not appear to be the case with the mimi virus. Rather, it is ingested, which is similar to how some cells engulf others. After it is engulfed by the amoeba, the mimi virus fuses with the lysosomes (or vacuoles—I’m slightly confused on this point..?), attaches to the membrane, hacks into the cytoplasm, and starts to replicate quickly until it occupies most of the cell’s interior. This all happens only in a few hours. The mimi virus resembles a virus because it hijacks a cell and can reproduce quickly. Yet, it is more similar to a bacteria or other cell due to it’s large size, its structure (which is said to resemble a “gram-positive” bacteria), and even the manner in which it replicates itself (it supposedly forms some sort of replication structure inside the cell, which would be odd for a virus). Some evolutionists even believe that the mimi virus evolved from a strain of bacteria. And while evolution in this sense of the word is not possible, it is possibly possible that either the mimi virus IS a very peculiar strain of bacteria or is a very, very odd virus. Therefore, it may not be a true virus after all.
2. A new strain of the mimi virus, which scientists called a “mama virus,” was discovered in Paris. To the surprise of the scientists who discovered it, it was infected by a parasite virus, which they called “sputnik.” Viral satelites are not uncommon, but this was more than a satellite. It actually inhibited the mimi/mama virus from replicating working virons. Because of this, they called the parasite virus a virophage. When the parasite virus is inside the cell, it accumulates multiple capsid layers in an asymmetrical pattern, which makes the virus less effective and even inhibits it from reproducing as effectively. Also, it is possible that the parasite virus plays a role in gene exchange and mixing of the virus.
(Part 2, sorry!!!)
ReplyDelete3. The macronucleus of a cell undergoes direct division without mitosis. Also, the nucleus of any cell contains the genetic material and controls many functions of the cell. So, maybe it would want to live there for one of these reasons—possibly because living in the macronucleus would give it access to genetic material or functions or something, or because it might allow the bacterium to divide along with the cell.
4. Streaking is a process used to isolate a single bacterial strain on a petri dish. I don’t completely understand this, but it sounds like the bacteria sample is applied to one small section of the petri dish. After it is allowed to grow, that sample is dragged a little further across the petri dish. After it grows, it is dragged farther. Each time this process is repeated, fewer bacteria cross over. This allows for a strain of bacteria to be purified and eventually isolated.
5. When a paramecium engulfs algae, the two enter into endosymbiosis, meaning that one organism lives within another organism for mutual prosperity. The algae then goes on to live in the cell’s cytoplasm. When a paramecium ingests nutrients, the nutrients form a food vacuole within the paramecium. Then enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole and start to break down the food. Yet, in other occasions, the food is left as it is for storage purposes. Perhaps, somehow, the paramecium must be able to control the membranes of its vacuoles and what diffuses through them. Maybe that is why the algae isn’t ingested. Maybe?
6. Multi-cellular organisms consist of multiple cells. More cells allows for more specialization, which in turn allows the cell to perform more functions. And I also read somewhere that multi-cellular organisms have a longer life-span possibly because the strain of duty is spread out across more cells instead of resting on just one. And I would say that a longer lifespan would certainly be an advantage ☺
Mimi or "mimicking" viruses have intrigued researchers since there discovery. They are physically larger than any virus or bacteria known to man. Another interesting characteristic about the virus is the size of there genome. The genome is massive in comparison to other cells. Scientists hypothesized the Mimi virus to be an aggregation of different viruses put together. Possibly able to "mimic" other viruses ( e.g. Pneumonia) for its own purpose. Sort of like a parasite.
ReplyDeleteA macronucleus is a large nucleus that controls all functions of a cell except for reproduction. Specifically for Protozoans. I would live there because of the amount of space available. There is not much to worry about when living in there.
I think it is very interesting that the Paramecium eats the algae but does not digest it. But perhaps we are looking at it from the wrong angle. Is it possible that the Paramecium has no say in whether the algae is digested or not? Maybe the algae purposely eludes digestion. Living in the Paramecium for protection or for some other unknown reason. In which case the Paramecium becomes the slave.
With my basic grasp of the micro world, I assume that more cells means more function. More specifically complex functions including: movement by means other than a flagella/cilia like walking or running, also having a nervous system, and most importantly brain power. Brain power and thinking is pretty helpful when it comes to surviving.
1. The Mimi virus is like that of a cell because it possesses genes coding for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis which means that the Mimi virus is not dependent on a host cell genome for coding metabolic pathways. Conversely the Mimi virus lacks genes for ribosomal proteins and this makes it dependent on a host for protein translation and energy metabolism. According to the research that I have found and my opinion the Mimi virus could be a true virus.
ReplyDelete2. Inside of the Mimi virus genes have been discovered that include coding for the capsid layers consisting of oligomeric structures made of protomers. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus and therefore renders the virus to be less potent and also causes it to reproduce using genetic material acquired from the host causing new variations in the virus.
3. A macronucleus is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates that do not undergo division through mitosis. Although the macronucleus contains many chromosomes, it lacks a mechanism to partition the genome during nuclear division, which is a mystery of how a balanced genome is maintained. Living in a macronucleus would allow for a greater space and also that of accessibility to genetic information of the cell.
4. To isolate a bacteria cell on would use the method of streaking. Using a inoculation loop spread the sample across one quadrant of a perti dish. After re-sterilizing the loop drag it across the inoculated quadrant to a new quadrant and some of the sample will be drawn into this quadrant. Repeating the process multiple times gathers fewer and fewer strands of the sample. Dependent of the sample some maybe incubated to allow for reproduction and colonies to become visible. Identifying a single bacterium can be done based on size, shape, or color.
At the industrial level automated devices are being used to achieve the streaking technique to allow for better sterilization and consistency.
5. A paramecium uses cilia to sweep food and water into its oral grove. The solution then travels through the mouth and into the gullet. When enough food is taken in the food breaks away from the gullet and forms a vacuole that travels around a cell while enzymes enter the vacuole and digest food. When the vacuole is small enough and reaches the anal pore the waste is then removed.
6. Multicellular organisms have the advantages of, being able to grow larger, having cell differentiation, and the organisms can be more complex than unicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms use organ systems to allow for communication between cells, supplying nutrients to cells, and controlling exchanges with their environment, while unicellular organisms processes take place in that one cell.
1. The Mimi virus is a unique specimen. This virus resembles in some ways an actual cell. This virus is physically larger and contains a more extensive genome than many small cells. Also, it contains data to be able to produce some amino acids and proteins that some cells don’t have access to. However, the Mimi virus cannot actually reproduce, a common feature in living cells.
ReplyDeleteWhile I would still claim the Mimi virus is a true virus (according to the technical definition of “virus”) I would have to say that this Mimi virus certainly pushes the boundaries on what a virus actually is.
2. The virus that infects Mimi viruses is called Sputnik. This virus lives inside the host virus in a parasitical fashion. It is believed that Sputnik actually acts in the same manner as a bacteriophage does with its host cell. Sputnik compromises the Mimi virus’s replication process. This is now called a virophage (similar to a bacteriophage).
3. A macronucleus is basically a large nucleus that contains many copies of chromosomes but no solid divisions that would split it up into two or more nuclei. I would want to live in one because it is one solid unit. I wouldn’t have to worry about which nuclei to live in and if there would be enough space. It’s also pretty cheap.
4. The way to isolate a single cell of bacteria on a microscope slide is by streaking. Basically, one slides the specimen across the slide or dish, in an attempt to narrow down the amount of the specimen. Eventually, one ends up with just one cell (if done correctly).
5. I suppose what happens is the lysosomes that would normally eat any food that comes into the cytoplasm recognize the specific algae and don’t eat it. As to how the Paramecium’s enzymes know which types of algae not to eat, I guess God created the two species to be able to work together in a symbiotic relationship.
6.One of the largest advantages to being multicellular is diversification. Take the human body for example. Our body cells can differentiate and focus on individual specific tasks. Nerve cells, skin cells, and muscle cells all play huge rolls in out bodies, and because of the specification of the cells, we are able to perform many actions that single cellular organism.
1)The mimi virus is like a cell by the way it does not carry out a nerves system, and also being a distinct life form. Also the mimi virus tends to be different from a cell by not being able to grow or have sell division.
Delete2)The viruses that the mimi viruses have inside of it are its bacteria. The reason for them being there is so that they can defend it from other predators that may surround it.
3)A macronucleus is a large nucleus that can carry up to several hundred genome copies. It can also asexual reproduction and can control metabolism. I would not want to live in a macronucleus for the control of the metabolism and the way it can reproduce on its own. It seems like a pretty crazy place to be living in.
4)I would have no idea on how to isolate a bacterial cell. With someone with my knowledge and skill right know I would have to look to some high intelligent people like Dr. Francis. To isolate something that small something that small to me seems like impossible. I have known idea on how to do that.
5)To how a Paramecium is able to eat something and not digest it is brings me to an aw. Well I guess that it the way that God had intend for the Paramecium to live out its life, and for us to look at it as God marvelous work. Some things God has a reason for us to not completely understand the God makes things work.
6)The advantage that we have on being multicellular is that we can be human. God put us on this earth and created us the way he wanted us to be. I guess the advantage is that we are created different from other things because God had intended it to that way.
1. The Mimi virus, which has been known to cause pneumonia, is one of the largest viruses that have been discovered so far. It is larger than quite a few smaller, cellular organisms. Like a cell, it has a large amount of genetic material that codes for proteins. On the other hand, it does not reproduce by division, which distinguishes it from cells. In my opinion, I think that it is a true virus because it has all the characteristics of a virus but it could also be looked at as a “hybrid” virus because of it’s shared characteristics with cells.
ReplyDelete2. There is a smaller virus living inside the Mimi virus known as the Sputnik virophage.
Some of its functions include producing proteins that are helpful for the Mimi virus as well as reproduction.
3. A macronucleus is the larger of two nuclei found in ciliates. It can divide without mitosis. I would want to live there because it is so much bigger. It seems like it would be cheap rent because it can reproduce itself if anything “breaks” or goes wrong.
4. You can isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide by a process called “streaking.” This is achieved by taking a group of bacterial cells and sliding them across the slide until they are eventually separated into individual cells.
5. This is a seemingly difficult problem to solve but perhaps the paramecium, when it sweeps the food into its mouth and when it falls into the oral groove, just sits there waiting to be processed instead of being digested.
6. One of the many advantages to being multicellular is the fact that the cell is so much larger. Also, multicellular organisms are able to use the variety of cells to form different structures and perform different tasks. The human body is a great example of this.
1. Like living cells, the Mimivirus contains genes which code for the manufacturing of proteins, this was a trait thought to be unique to living organisms only. However, unlike
ReplyDeleteliving cells, the Mimivirus is unable to utilize those genes by itself, in order to do so, it relies on the resources of living cells. I believe that although the Mimivirus's genome
contains the information similar to living cells, it counts as a true virus since it still relies on living cells to utilize that information.
2.Viruses that infect other viruses are known as virophages. When virophages infect other viruses, they use their host to infect living cells and reproduce. Virophages are
known to decrease their host's rate of reproduction, so it seems that virophages steal resources from their virus host and from the living cells.
3. A macronucleus is the larger one of two nuclei in ciliate protozoans, it controls all of the cell's functions, except for reproduction. My guess as to why a bacterium would live
in a macronucleus, is that living in the macronucleus provides security.
4.The process of streaking can possibly isolate bacteria. Using a sterile wire loop, bacteria groups are thinned out by spreading them apart. I'm not sure if a single bacteria
can be isolated by this technique, but it has to be done quickly before the bacteria can reproduce.
5.My speculation is that the paramecium might not have the genes to code for enzymes to digest the algae, or that the algae is not detected as an inducer, that activates an
operon.
6.One advantage to being multicellular is that we have can have cells which specialize in something. For example, we can use our muscle cells to perform complex movements,
and we can use our nerve cells to detect and communicate a lot of stimulation. Another advantage is that being multicellular provides strength in numbers. As another
example, when you were sick with the flu, there were millions of viruses invading your body's cells, but the reason your body was able to counter such a large invasion, was
because of the immune system, which has billions of white blood cells. Having more cells allowed more efficiency than having a single cell.
1. Discovered in the early 1990’s, the Mimi virus is not a typical virus. Unlike its counterparts, this intriguing microorganism possesses an extensive and surprisingly complex genome. Since viruses generally have simple genomes with relatively few nucleotides, the Mimi virus has expanded this perception with its 1.2 million base pairs. Additionally, the massive size of this unusual virus, exceeding the dimensions of some bacteria, has spawned many comparisons with full-fledged cells.
ReplyDeleteHowever, the Mimi virus does not meet all of the necessary criteria for cells. For one, the virus does not possess ribosomes and must rely on its host for translation. Also, this microorganism cannot independently carry on essential processes such as homeostasis and replication. The lack of these essential characteristics inevitably defines this microorganism as a virus. Nevertheless, the Mimi virus cannot be called a true virus due to its enormous size and complex genome. Undoubtedly, the discovery of the Mimi virus has broadened our perception of viruses and can only attest to the incredible diversity and complexity of God’s creation.
2. While studying the incredible Mimi virus, scientists discovered smaller viruses within the giant microorganism. Known as “satellite viruses,” these tiny microbes infect larger host cells in order to multiply. In the case of the Mimi virus, the Sputnik virophage not only inhabits the larger microorganism, but also affects the Mimi virus’ reproductive capabilities. Due to the mysterious mixing of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes in the Mimi virus’ genome, we can speculate that the Sputnik virophage partakes in gene transfer with its host.
3. Many viruses survive by infiltrating and incorporating themselves in a larger host cell. The macronucleus provides the perfect space to accomplish this. A macronucleus is simply a larger type of nucleus found in different microorganisms. This affords an intruder more room than the normal nucleus as well as easy access to the genome of the host. In the macronucleus, a virus could more easily assimilate the DNA of the host rather than from within the ribosomes or Golgi bodies.
4. "Streaking” sounds like an effective method of isolating bacterial cells. But since this technique has already been described extensively, I am going to postulate Matt’s Marvelous Method of Isolating Single Bacterial Cells. In this process, one begins with a colony of healthy bacteria. Next, one radiates the colony with a tiny dose of radiation. This could scramble the DNA of the bacteria and prevent the organism from reproducing. However, one must be careful not to kill the bacteria by applying only miniscule amounts of radiation. We could then isolate a single, mutated bacterial cell on a slide. Not the most practical or effective idea, but it is plausible…maybe.
5. Without a doubt, the Paramecium is a testament to God’s incredible creativity and power. How else could a creature with no brain distinguish between food and helpful algae? Something (perhaps the “taste” or secretions of the algae) must trigger sensors in the early parts of the Paramecium’s digestive system that alert the organism of its “food’s” identity. The Paramecium would then react accordingly in order to harvest the energy potential of the photosynthetic algae.
6. There are numerous advantages to being multicellular. Foremost, multicellular organisms are tougher. If one cell dies, the others can produce another one with little trouble. Furthermore, more complex systems can carry out a wider variety of functions due to cell specialization. Finally, multicellular organisms can execute more complex actions than single-celled life forms.
1. One of the largest and most complex viruses, the Mimi virus is like a cell in the sense that it has many protein coding genes. However, it differs from cells because it doesn’t contain ribosomes, so it depends on its host cell for translation and carrying out its chemical processes. It also doesn’t reproduce by division like cells. Even though the Mimi virus has some characteristics of a cell, I would say it fits into the category of a true virus.
ReplyDelete2. The Sputnik is a virophage that basically acts as a parasite to the Mimi virus.
3. A macronucleus is a large nucleus that carries many chromosomes. It also can divide without going through mitosis. You’d want to live there because there’s much more room.
4. In order to isolate a single bacterial cell on a slide, a technique called streaking is used. Streaking is done by spreading bacteria across a slide using an inoculation loop. The purpose of doing this is to try to create a very fine line of bacteria so that one can be isolated.
5. The Paramecium bursaria is capable of ingesting algae, yet not digesting it. While the algae is in and Paramecium, both benefit from each other. The Paramecium provides protection for the algae, and the algae is a food source for the Paramecium. However, it’s a mystery to me how the Paramecium knows not to digest the algae considering it doesn’t have a nervous system. I would guess that the Paramecium has genes that alert it not to digest the algae.
6. There are many advantages of being a multicellular organism. For instance, they can grow to be very large, they can create cells that can specialize in certain tasks, and they live longer lives.
1. The Mimi virus was discovered by scientists in 1992 and was thought to be a form of bacteria. Little did they know but they had found the largest virus known to man. Upon investigation and research of this "giant," scientists discovered that the genome for the Mimi virus is astronomically bigger than those of any other virus known and larger than even some bacteria.
ReplyDeleteAt this point it would seem likely to place the Mimi virus into the bacteria category rather than calling it a virus, but further experiments proved otherwise. After many experiments it was discovered that the mimi virus does cause Pneumonia. It was also discovered that the virus has to multiply within an amoeba and does not contain ribosomes. Since multiplication on its own and ribosomes are two essential characteristics of cells, the Mimi virus is definitely a virus.That being said, with its comparatively enormous genome and size, this virus pushes the boundaries of our current understanding of viruses to cause us to think about possibly new category of microorganisms.
2. The sheer fact that the mimi virus is able to be infected with other viruses sheds light on its size compared to other viruses. That being said, the most commonly known virus to infect the mimi virus is the sputnik virus. It is not completely known how the sputnik virus is using the mimi virus, but there are two main hypothesis. One is that it impairs the replication factories in the mimi virus and the other is that it simply uses it as a satellite virus.
3. It stands to reason that anyone would love to live in a macronucleus. A macronucleus is a larger nucleus that has more room and does not divide into separate nuclei. It would be great to live there because there is plenty of room and easy access to the DNA of the specimen.
4. Streaking is the process of taking a substance containing the cell and "streaking" it across a petri dish or slide, you simply continue this process until all that is left is one cell. It seems somewhat difficult to do and not very error proof but as of now is the main way to isolate a cell.
5. The paramecium has a mouth at its end called a cytostome, and it waits until enough food is there and then sends enzymes to break down the food. With algae it is possible that the paramecium can take in the algae without digesting it by controlling its digestive functions. Upon entering it could take the nutrients needed from the algae then allow it to excrete it in a way that does not harm either itself or the algae...possibly...
6. Being a multicellular organism would be a great advantage because having different cells that code for different things would allow for a greater diversity in your makeup. Multicellular organisms can accomplish many more tasks than a single celled organisms and are far greater in their resistance to possible harmful things against. it.
1. When people think about a virus they think of a small particle that causes harm to healthy cells. However, this common definition is no longer sufficient since the discovery of the Mimivirus. When the Mimivirus was first observed it was thought to be a bacteria because of its size, but after a closer look it was observed that the particle had the characteristics of a virus. Easily mistaken as a bacteria, the Mimivirus has a genome greater than some bacteria. The size, structure, and extensive genome of the Mimivirus makes it comparable to a cell, but in my opinion it is a virus. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes both have DNA, ribosomes, and can reproduce on their own. Although, the Mimivirus contains DNA within its capsid, it lacks ribosomes and the ability to reproduce on its own, decreasing the possibility of it being a living organism. For many years the Mimivirus was the largest known virus, but recently scientist have discovered the Megavirus which takes first place.
ReplyDelete2. A bacteriophage is a virus that replicates itself through a bacteria. Similarly, a virophage is a virus that replicates through another virus, such as the Mimivirus. The Sputnik virophage is the virus found within the Mimivirus. It has been discovered Sputnik virophage affects the reproduction of the host virus.
3. The macronucleus is a larger nucleus usually found in ciliates, such as Paramecium. It can divide without mitosis and is polyploid. If I was a virus I would like to live in one because of the larger space and because of the greater amount of DNA to infect.
4. Streaking is a method that can be used to isolate a bacteria. It involves streaking a small sample of bacteria many times until you eventually isolate one bacterium.
5. I believe that there is some stimuli on the algae that lets Paramecium know what its about to consume, then when the algae is inside the Paramecium it is somehow incorporated into the system instead of being digested.
6. There is many benefits to being a multicellular organism. Multicellular organism can preform more functions than a single cells. In multicellular organisms specialization of different cells occurs, so one cell doesn't have to carry out all the functions. Multicellular organisms do not die if one cell is killed.
1. Mimivirus is similar to cells in that it has a genome size comparable to that of some bacteria, with genes that some cells don’t have. The mimivirus genome codes for some amino acids and nucleotides, meaning it doesn’t rely on a host cell for these products. However, mimivirus cannot reproduce independently, but relies on a host cell to do so. It also does not maintain homeostasis or carry out metabolic processes. Thus, it is a virus, not a cell.
ReplyDelete2. The Sputnik virophage is the virus that infects mimivirus. It seems to utilize the reproductive mechanisms of mimivirus to reproduce itself. It is possible that it simply uses the mimivirus to get inside an amoeba, but there is evidence that it also uses the mimivirus to reproduce.
3. A macronucleus is the larger of two nuclei in ciliated protozoans. As a virus, I would want to live in the macronucleus because that is where the cell’s DNA is transcribed. Thus, I could get my own DNA transcribed – the first step in the process of replicating myself inside the host cell. The macronucleus also takes part in metabolic processes and protein synthesis, which will likewise help me reproduce.
4. One method of isolating a single cell is by using biological laser printing (BioLP). This uses a complex process to print tiny droplets containing individual cells onto a surface. See the following article from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed for a detailed explanation of the process: http://memsd.wikispaces.com/file/view/Biological+Laser+Printing+A+Novel+Technique+for+Creating+Heterogeneous+3-dimensional+Cell+Patterns.pdf
5. The lysosomes of Paramecium bursarium attempt to digest the algae, but somehow the algae puts up a fight from within the digestive vacuole. It then has a way of escaping from the digestive vacuole, budding off into its own separate vacuole that differentiates to become a perialgal vacuole. This new vacuole has a way of preventing a lysosome from fusing with it to digest the algae. (From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797676)
6. As a multicellular organism, you are able to do much more than if you were unicellular. Different cells have different capabilities, and if all cells “share” the advantages they have because of their unique abilities, all cells are “happier.” As a human, I have a wide range of cell types, each cell differentiated according to its intended function in the body. This means I have rigidity and strength in my bones, but flexibility in my skin. I have nerve cells that send signals, and muscles that receive them.
1. The discovery of the Mimi virus, meaning "mimicking microbe", has caused many a scientist to shake his head in thought as to whether the organism is a cell, or virus, or a separate classification of organism. What sets the Mimi virus apart is its remarkable size, as compared to typical viruses. A virus has long been described as the following: 1. small in size. 2. unable to perform translation. So, naturally, when a "virus" is discovered that breaks the first of those rules, people are bound to question the classification of the organism. The Mimi virus is roughly three times larger than the next-largest discovered virus, and contains a genome of approximately 1.2 base-pairs; 1 million more than the next-largest viral genome. Despite the virus's unusual size, it is my belief that the organism is correctly classified as a true virus--as long as the Mimi virus cannot reproduce independently, it cannot bridge the gap between virus and cell.
ReplyDelete2. The virophage "Sputnik" has been discovered residing within the Mimi virus. Virophages typically live within viruses in order to reproduce more effectively, as the virus spreads. "Sputnik" actually weakens the Mimi virus's reproducibility, making it less potent. Perhaps Sputnik is a godsend.
3. The macronucleus can be defined as a larger nucleus containing many chromosomes which control non-reproductive functions of a cell. The macronucleus can divide without mitosis. I would want to reside within a macronucleus because of its sheer size and stability. A structure so vital to a cell's survival is bound to be extremely protected. It's even more than "cheap," it's FREE!
4. If I was presented the task of isolating a single bacterial cell, I would use a process known as "streaking." This process involves smearing the substance around until the substance thins to a single cell. As the substance is smearing along, fewer and fewer cells go forward, effectively thinning the substance down to a single cell.
5. That is an intriguing quality of the Paramecium--the ability to detect which algae to allow to reside within it, and which to digest. However, I think that we should be analyzing the Paramecium less, and the algae more. I would suggest that the anomaly isn't the Paramecium's uncanny "thinking" ability, but rather the algae's ability to sometimes resist digestion.
6. All of our multi-part products, before being put on the shelf, have to be assembled in some way. Rather than having one machine make one whole product, most industrial factories use an assembly line to assemble more products in less time, with more simplicity. Each machine specializes to assemble a certain part of the product. Multicellular organisms work the same way--cells that are specialized to complete a certain task run more efficiently than those trying to carry out all tasks on their own. And when there's more than one cell carrying out a certain task, less strain is put on each individual cell, because each cell has other cells carrying out the same task.
1. The Mimi virus is very similar to many bacteria in terms of size, and it also contains genes that code for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis, which even some bacteria lack. It is estimated to contain 979 protein coding-genes, substantially exceeding the required 4 for a virus. However, Mimi virus does not exhibit some qualities that are requirements for life, such as homeostasis, response to stimuli, self-growth, and cellular division. Because of these differences, I would say that the Mimi virus is a true virus and not a living cell.
ReplyDelete2. The Mimi virus is infected by the Sputnik virophage, which inhibits the replication of the Mimi virus. It causes the Mimi virus to produce fewer and often deformed Mimi virus particles, acting as a sort of viral parasite that sickens its host. It appears to be the first of its kind.
3. A macronucleus is the larger nucleus in ciliates, bacteria containing cilia. The macronucleus contains many copies of each of the hundreds of chromosomes, and thus does not have to undergo mitosis. Therefore, a macronucleus would be a nice place to live, since the rent is consistent and living conditions constantly comfortable.
4. One way to obtain a pure culture is to use the streak plate isolation technique. In this technique, a sample is spread over the surface of a plate in such a manner as to decrease the density of cells as you streak. If properly done, you will end up with isolated colonies on your plate. In the spread plate method, you would dilute the bacterial culture in tubes and then transfer the diluted samples to multiple plates. In a sample that is adequately diluted, the cells will be spread far enough apart that they will grow into individual colonies.
5. The Paramecium eat Chlorella, a eukaryotic algae, yet do not digest them, entering into an endosymbiotic relationship. The Chlorella is enclosed in a perialgal vacuole membrane derived from the host (in this case the Paramecium) digestive vacuole membrane. But what is the purpose for this relationship? Studies of the benefit of the symbiosis to the ciliate hosts have shown that they are able to grow and survive better than aposymbiotic animals in environments deficient in bacteria. The symbionts are also able to extract nourishment from the host when it is well fed and they are deprived of light.
6. A multicellular organism has different cells that are specialized to carry out certain tasks. They thus are able to perform more complex tasks. Multicellular organisms generally have longer life spans as well. Singled-celled organisms cannot grow as large as multicellular ones, because at a certain point it costs too much energy to maintain itself than it can take in through its cell membrane.
1. The Mimi virus, also known as the "mimicking microbe”, has caused much controversy among scientist due to its structure, size, and genome complexity. The discovery of this very large and complex virus has blurred the line distinction between a virus and a microorganism. The structure of the Mimi virus is similar to that of small prokaryotic bacteria. The size of its genome is greater than that of some bacteria. The sizes of its particles are equivalent to that of some small bacteria. It has been estimated that it has approximately 900 genes within its genomes. The Mimi virus is coated in a later of proteins, mimicking the cell wall of bacteria. Many of the same kinds of genes are found within microorganisms, the Mimi virus, and large DNA viruses. Though the Mimi virus does possess similarities with cells, it is still a virus. It cannot reproduce independently, but needs a host for translation. The Mimi virus also cannot divide itself, like cells do during cell division. I do not believe that the Mimi virus is a true virus, due to its size and complex genome. This discovery, however, has allowed the science community to expand their perceptions in the field of viruses and microorganisms.
ReplyDelete2. The Sputnik virophage has been discovered to be a bacteriophage that resides within the Mimi virus. This virophage has been found in various amoeba species. It is also known as the “mama virus”, for it harnesses the proteins that allow it to rapidly produce copies of itself. The “mama virus” is larger than the Mimi virus, but they are very similar in that they form large viral factories and complex viral particles. This virus growth within the Mimi virus is harmful and results in the production of abortive forms and abnormal capsid assembly. It also decreases the yield of ineffective viral parciles by 70% and reduces the amoeba lysis.
3. The macronucleus is the larger of the two types of nuclei within ciliates. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, such as cell metabolism and protein synthesis. The macronucleus contains multiple sets of chromosomes. This would be a great place to live, because as a result of not undergoing mitosis, there is a comfortable space and a consistent environment.
4. One way that I would isolate a single bacterial cell, would be to carefully examine each droplet of stream water for example, under a slide and focus on a specific area. Slowly, one would be able to reduce the amount of bacterial cells located within the one droplet of stream water.
5. God has perfectly designed the world to work together, different species working together to survive in the environment. For example, in Ecology we learned that multiple species of predators were able to coexist together, so long as their source of food did not cross. If one had to assert dominance within an area, then there was no coexistence. The Lord has allows the paramecium to develop a function which allows it to eat an algae and work together with the plant, in order to “feed off” of its ability to photosynthesize.
6. An advantage to being multicellular, is that a single cell unit is able to coexist with other cells within an environment. A community of independent living cells has the benefit of varying in specialized tasks, which allow for an increase in capabilities within an organism.
1.) The Mimi Virus is pretty unique. It is said to be one of the largest viruses that has ever been discovered. The Mimi Virus is like other large virus because it contains an internal lipid layer that protects its DNA. Also, like other viruses, Mimi Virus does not have a cell wall. It is different from a virus because it is much larger than most, and it contains a genome of about 1.2 million vase pairs. The Mimi Virus also has unique genes that code for metabolic functions that are not seen in other viruses. Even though the Mimi Virus has characteristics that are like a cell, it cannot be classified as a cell because it lacks the ability to self-reproduce without a host. This leads me to think that the Mimi Virus could possibly be neither cell or virus. It can be something that deserves its own new classification.
ReplyDelete2.) Mimi Virus is infected by a virophage know has Sputnik. Sputnik reproduces in amoeba cells, but can only do so if the cell is already infected with the Mimi Virus. It is possible that Sputnik needs a gene transfer between its self and the Mimi Virus in order to perform viral evolution.
3.) A macronucleus is a larger type of nucleus. It does no go through the process of mitosis for division and it controls the non-reproductive takes. It deals more with controlling the metabolism of the body. I assume a bacteria cell would want to live there because of the larger room it provides and since it is still in the nucleus, it would have accesses to genetic information.
4.) A single bacteria cell can be isolated through the process of streaking. The goal of this technique is to use it to isolate individual bacterial colonies. This methods thins a specimen and enables bacteria cells to develop individually. I do not fully understand the exact steps that must be taken to complete this correctly, but to the best of my understanding this is the process: first, sterilizing must happen by the use of a flame, second, it must be spread back and forth to cover a section of the plate. Eventually after this processes is repeated a few times, you should be able to isolate a bacterial cell.
5.) It is really interesting how Paramecium can eat algae, but not digest it. I really don't have an answer to this question, besides that that is the way God designed it. It was given a specific function so it does it. I guess it is kind of like how we naturally know its wrong to kill someone. God implanted that in us, so He probably implanted the process of not digesting the algae and saving it for energy within the Paramecium.
6.) A big advantage of being multicellular is that it gives us the ability to form a brain, a heart, and other organs. Being multicellular means that since there are more cells, one can carry out a lot more functions than a single cellular organism.
1. When the word “virus” comes up in a conversation most peoples thought instinctively go to the flu or a cold. They think of something very tiny that somehow got into their body and infected it. The Mimi virus goes against those stereotypes. The Mimi is a rather large and complex virus containing a massive genome. The reason scientist are starting to question the distinction between this virus and cells is that the genome of this virus allows it to perform most of the functions that you would see in a typical cell. It’s hard for me to make the distinction of the Mimi being a true virus or not. However, I think the deciding factor for me is that Mimi virus doesn’t replicate by division therefore I lean more towards the virus category rather than cell.
ReplyDelete2. The sputnik virophage is a smaller virus that infects the Mimi virus. The fact that other viruses can infect the Mimi virus is just a testament to its massive size. The Sputnik virophage could be using the Mimi virus as a host to replicate inside of so that it can eventually infect whatever amoeba the Mimi virus enters. Almost as if it is using the mimivirus for transportation.
3. A macronucleus is a larger nucleus. However it differs from a normal cell nucleus in that it doesn’t undergo mitosis. Macronuclei are polyploidy and can just divide without mitosis. Due to the large size of the macronucleus it is able to hold a fairly large number of chromosomes. Being a virus and having a large space to alter the host cells DNA would be an ideal living condition.
4. After doing some research I found out that the most common way to separate a single bacterium would be to use a method called streaking. However, considering I am not familiar with this method if I were to try and isolate a single bacterium today I would attempt to damage the cells around my target cell with antiseptic agent. However, it would be incredibly hard to keep it from damaging my target cell. Once I have a single bacterium isolated (probably after many, many failed attempts) one way to keep it from replication would be to extract its plasmid.
5. It’s fascinating that a paramecium is able to detect algae and “eat” it but not digest it. Especially since a paramecium doesn’t have the cognitive ability that we do. Honestly, science may say a lot of think but it all boils down to the fact that God made the paramecium with this unique ability and we may never know what God truly intended that ability in the paramecium for.
6. Being multicellular has many advantages. For starters it offers protection, it’s always said that it’s better to go out in a group than by yourself. These cells always have buddies around to protect them. Also, being multicellular is also advantageous because it allows cells to specialize in tasks and work as a more efficient unit.
1. The Mimivirus calls into review the definition of a virus. It is similar in size to a parasitic bacterium and has a large genome of about 1.2Mb. The similarities to bacteria are incredible and it is no wonder that it was mistaken for a bacterium for 11 years. Its icosohedral capsid has protein structure that is similar to the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. It also contains many genes used in protein translation and chaperone genes to maintain its DNA structure. It also uses a different mechanism for entry, phagocytosis. Its external coat allows it to be mistaken for a bacterium and the host allows entry. It still does require a host to replicate and does not contain organelles. The Mimivirus has a capsid like all other viruses and is fairly dependent on its host, even though it contains some genes for protein translation. The oxford dictionaries describes a virus as “an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.” I would say the Mimi virus is a true virus based on this definition. I do believe, though, that this virus calls into question what we know about viruses and that we need to reevaluate the functions a virus is capable of doing. I think a new definition is needed because, as we have seen, there is so much more to the Mimivirus.
ReplyDelete2. The Mimivirus is infected a virophage called Sputnik. Sputnik was actually found in a new strain of the Mimivirus called the “mamavirus”. It is a satellite virus meaning it relies on a master virus in a host cell for its replication. This virus is different, though, because it actually negatively affects the Mimivirus. Inside the virus, Sputnik causes the Mimivirus to create defective virons and starts to take over the factory for replication. It also seems to be able to utilize lateral gene transfer, taking the genes from its host cell or virus.
3. It is one of two nuclei in ciliate protozoans. It is larger than the micronucleus and preforms functions like cellular metabolism and protein synthesis. It does not preform reproductive functions, which is the job of the micronucleus. They are polyploidy meaning it contains two sets of homologous chromosomes and it can undergo division without mitosis. This would be a great place to live because one could be in control of all the functions of the cell. Living there would mean being able to be in control of your food supply and other molecules needed for living.
4. The most common way is to use streaking. This process drags the bacteria on a dish until the strands narrow to one bacterium. Another way I thought could be possible is controlling the operon that signals for reproduction. I’m not sure if binary fission works with a tryptophan operon, but if one was able to induce more tryptophan into the system, then the signal would stop and reproduction would not occur. I’m sure it is more difficult than that, but it was what I first thought of when thinking about this problem.
5. It seems that it has to do with the algae. In one article by Y. Kodama and M. Fujishima, they discuss how the algae seem to have temporary resistance to the enzymes in lysosomes. They also end up budding into the vacuole membrane to escape. Then the vacuole turns into a perialgal vacuole that protects it from digestion. This type of vacuole contains no acid phosphatase activity which makes it different from a digestive vacuole. It then attaches onto the host cell cortex and enters endosymbiosis with the Paramecium.
6. An advantage is that you have more cells to be able to specialize in different things. When you are unicellular, you have to work with what you have to survive. With multiple cells, different functions can occur which can aid cellular life and processes. You can store more products and create more energy for food. It enables a higher complexity to function on.
1. The Mimivirus is the largest virus known to man and doesn't have a cell wall. It was accidentally discovered in 1992 by French scientists. Some scientists say that it is the missing piece between bacteria and viruses. Also, some say that it might start its own kingdom but others would not start a kingdom of just one species. This virus is found in many amoeba species and is not found in humans.
ReplyDelete2. The Sputnik virophage is found inside of the large virus and reproduces itself inside of it.
3. The macronucleus is the larger nucleus of the two nuclei inside of ciliate protozoans. Part of the nuclei in ciliate protozoans causes cell division. I would want to live there because it is more spacious and comfortable and there also isn't much change that happens inside.
4. It seems quite difficult to isolate a single bacteria cell, but it is known to use a method called "streaking", which is the dragging of a specimen across a Petri dish until you get a single cell.
5. I assume that God designed the paramecium in a special way like He did humans. Our bodies digest some things while storing other things because our bodies know what we need and what we do not need. Therefore, the paramecium knows what to digest and what to store as well.
6. Multicellular organisms are more likely to live longer, they are more specialized and complex, and are larger than most organisms.
1. After researching, I could find some characteristics that bring this kind of non-living organism close to be classified as bacteria, but most of its characteristics support its classification as a virus. The fact that Mimi virus is more complex on its size and genetics (its genome has almost the same complexity of a bacteria and codes unusual proteins for viruses) comparing with other viruses doesn’t convince us that the “microbe mimicking” virus is a bacteria, since its proved that some characteristics as the presence of the protein capsid and the lack of fundamental characteristics of a living organisms (example: to respond to stimuli and cellular division) support its classification as a virus. Therefore, I do believe Mimi virus is rightly classified as a virus.
ReplyDelete2. The Sputnik virus, also called “virusphage” or “satellite virus”, are depend on some of the genes the Mimi virus has on its genome, so they can replicate. While inside the Mimi virus, the virusphage “wait” until it is associated to the viral host to share the Mimi virus’ genes and reproduce. This process is harmful for the Mimi virus, weakening its reproduction.
3. The macronucleus is responsible for the non-reproductive actions of a cell, like its metabolism, but also the cell division without mitosis. Since the macronucleus is responsible for the proteins synthesis, being a parasite, it would be great to live inside it and use its mechanisms for producing specific proteins.
4. If it’s possible, the first idea that came to my mind it’s to try to extract the parts witch are fundamental for its self-duplication, as its mesosome, to avoid other cells. Also, feeding the cell with the proper ‘food’.
5. Probably, some chemical reactions between the algae molecules and the Paramecium molecules or specific receptors for the algae “indicate” to the Paramecium cell that it’s algae. I think it’s the same general idea of the reaction between a sperm and an egg. When the acrosome of the first sperm touches the egg, the process of protection against others sperms starts, even if both of the cells (egg and sperm) don’t have brain to think: “I have to hurry, the others are coming!” or “He touched me, now I’m only his.”
6. In multicellular organisms, each group of cells has a defined function (tissue), so they are usually more complex for their specific task. Also, all the tissues work together as a whole body, as organs and systems.
1. The complexity and size of the Mimi virus has broadened the spectrum of how viruses are understood. The similarity that it shares with bacterial species associated with pneumonia caused researchers to first confuse it with a pneumonia causing bacterium. Further research showed that it was indeed a virus. The Mimi virus is incapable of replicating on it own, which is a key factor of a virus, and therefore it infects an amoeba cell and 24 hours later bursts it releasing Mimi virus virions.
ReplyDelete2. The Mimi virus can itself be infected by the virophage “Sputnik”. It uses the Mimi virus’ reproductive apparatuses to replicated but it is also believed that it uses the Mimi Virus as a vehicle to find amoeba cells to infect. During the infection it weakens the Mimi virus’ ability to reproduce.
3 A macronucleus is a more self sufficient and self-managing type of nucleolus. It controls the non-reproductive functions of the cell like metabolism. Cells with macronuclei are well balanced and maintain a constant genome after generations of division, therefor making it a good place to reside because of its stability.
4 If I wanted to isolate a single bacteria cell on a microscope slide I would introduce a virus to the bacteria. The virus would start killing off the bacteria but before it kills the last one I would hit the slide with a pulse of a light purple laser light that shines 100 femtoseconds causing damage to the virus capsids but not the bacterium. The single bacteria cell would be left undamaged and isolated.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/light-virus.htm
5. Perhaps Paramecium is algae intolerant and doesn’t have the proper enzymes to digest it and therefor enters into symbiosis. Or like an egg forms a membrane after a sperm enters to prevent other sperms from entering, the algae forms a membrane protecting from being consumed.
6. Multicellular organisms are capable of more functions that single celled organisms aren’t capable of. If a cell is damaged it has the ability to repair itself unlike a unicellular organism that would die off. Also being multicellular is what differentiates a human from a bacterium. All that and Bragging rights.
1. The Mimi virus was first discovered in 1992 and was first thought to be a pneumonia-causing bacteria, since it was discovered within an amoebae and resembled a Gram-positive bacteria. The main thing that makes the mimi virus so different from other viruses, is its size. This virus is many times bigger than other viruses scientists had seen in the past. This and the fact that viruses were thought to be unable to perform translation, were also reasons why when scientists first discovered the mimi virus they thought it was a bacteria. But since it cannot reproduce independently, I think it can be considered a true virus.
ReplyDelete2. The mimi virus has a smaller virus called Sputnick inside the larger virus. Experiments have been performed and resulted in the discovery that the Sputnick virus could not reproduce in acanthamoeba cells without a simultaneous infection by the mimi virus. Therefore some people classify it as a "satellite virus," but others classify it as a virophage, which means it acts like a virus parasite of another virus.
3. A macronucleus is a relatively large nucleus that can reproduce without mitosis. It would be a good place to live because it is significantly larger that micronuclei.
4. I would attempt to isolate a single bacteria cell on a microscope slide by using a method called "streaking" which involves the successive dilution of organisms until you have the cells at a low enough density that single cells are physically isolated spatially to give rise to recognizable individual colonies.
5. A paramecium can eat algae but not digest it possibly because the algae might have a certain trait that causes the paramecium to be able to recognize not to digest it and maybe the algae even has a "fighting off" aspect about it, so it can prevent the paramecium from digesting it.
6. The advantage to being multicellular is that the cells can assist each other, if one dies, there are still a lot of other cells that will survive, and since there are more than one cell, that means they can perform more diverse tasks.
1.When scientist started to research the characteristics of the mimivirus they were surprised by the results. Unlike a typical virus, the mimivirus is large, even larger than some bacterium. The genome of the virus was analyzed and compared to other viruses and cellular organisms to see if there were any similarities between them. Interestingly, it was found that it has coded genes made from protein which makes it similar to a cellular organism. I believe that the mimivirus is a true virus. Although its size and DNA may differ from the typical virus the fact that it still has to attach itself to a cell in order for it to replicate overrides the rest.
ReplyDelete2. Sputnik is a virophage virus that lives inside the mimivirus; this means that it is like a parasite to the host virus. Sputnik relies on the mimivirus to replicate itself and in the process actually weakens its host’s reproduction process.
3. A Micronucleus is the larger of the two types of nuclei that exist. The extra space is perfect for viruses because they have more room to infiltrate a cell. I personally wouldn’t mind living there because extra space is never a bad thing.
4. There is a process called streaking that scientist use to isolate cells. They separate the cells by agitating them and then pulling them apart. This is done in a process by using a sterile metal loop and sliding it until a sample of bacterium is eventually isolated.
5. In a way I am reminded of the human body. Having the capacity to think and learn allows us as humans to choose our actions including what we eat but we do not have freewill in terms of when we want to digest something. We don’t tell our systems, “okay you can start absorbing nutrients now” instead it happens automatically without our control. This being said it may be possible that the paramecium’s system recognizes the algae and decides to just hang on to it or maybe it just doesn’t have the capability of digesting it?
6. Being multicellular means that there are many different types of cells that work together to form an organism. It has an advantage because let’s say that someone cuts themselves damaging their skin cells and even the muscle tissue underneath. When this happens other cells in the body respond like a team and help in the process of repair. Multicellular organisms also have the capability to think and live more independently instead of in a pool with millions of other bacteria.
1. The Mimi (mimicking microbe) virus is a virus that infects the acanthamoeba genus of amoebae. It is about 0.75 micrometers in diameter and has an icosohedral capsid shape, giving it the deceptive appearance of a cell. It contains DNA in its nucleus that controls translation, DNA repair, and metabolism. It is, however, not a cell by definition. In our class definition, a cell is said to have “the potential for reproduction of [itself].” The Mimi virus cannot procreate itself. It needs to be engulfed by an amoeba to perform this crucial step. It also cannot resist equilibrium actively, by using stimuli to control its environment. Therefore, I would suggest that the Mimi virus is not a cell.
ReplyDelete2. The virophage Sputnik (Russian for satellite) in the virus that infects the Mimi virus and other large viruses. It is significantly smaller than the Mimi virus, but its function is none the less important. It is proposed that the Sputnik virus decreases the amount of DNA that is unusable in transference. This would strengthen the population of both the Mimi virus and Sputnik. It is also suggested that the Sputnik is a vehicle for the transference of DNA between large and strong viruses, further increasing the strong alleles to be passed on.
3. In Protozoans with cilia, it is the larger derivative of a normal nucleus. It is cast off before conjugation and is important in cell division and other non-reproductive function. The space alone would be impetus to live in such conditions. The choices and freedom in the environment would be beneficial. The availability would also drive the cost down, decreasing the cost of rent.
4. According to an article published by Mendeley.com, certain bacteria cells, called Electrochemically Active Bacteria, which can be manipulated using electrical charges to form its own groups. Biological laser printing (BioLP) is used to reach this end, then the cells can then be isolated. Once the homogenous mixture is attained, a process called streaking is used. Streaking is the act of smearing the culture thinly across a slide to the point that the individual cells are visible on the microscopic level. This process will result in a single cell viewing under a microscope.
5. The paramecium cannot digest the algae because the algae grows and divides at the same rate that it is being attacked by the host. This principle is similar to the calluses on our feet. The skin is worn away as we walk on it, but it is replaced just as rapidly by the next layer of skin. These algae often enters the paramecium through a food vacuole, resulting in a slower rate of digestion than phagocytosis. This is why the algae are not digested by the paramecium.
6. While there are many advantages to being multicellular, one of the advantages is the potential for backup, so to speak. For instance, if a few of the cells responsible for metabolic function are damaged or destroyed, it is likely that there will be more cells in another location that are still functional. These functional cells can increase their function while the damaged portion of the structure is repaired or replaced. This is the advantage to being multicellular.
1. Mimivirus was named after the term “mimicking microbe”. The fascination with the mimivirus is based on the idea, if it should be considered a bacteria or a virus. The similarities that seem to unite the two consist of a couple reasons. First, the size of the virus was the initial flag to ignite this question. Second, in the virus’s genome it reveled presence of gene codings for nucleotide and amino acide synthesis that had never been found in viruses before and were thought to be only present in cellular organisms(even some bacteria lack such complex codings). And third (which actually supports the opposite side) is the out structure of the virus was considered similar to a cell wall of a bacterium called Gram-positive bacteria; it has an icosohedral capsid( which is a layer of proteins which coats the virus particle). Now knowing that, it is now understood to be a protein layer rather than a cell wall it actually supports the idea the the mimivirus is a virus. The virus also does not reproduce by cell division rather it replicates by self-assembly of preformed components. Meaning it lacks the genes for encoding rRNA or ribosomes-associated proteins, making the virus dependent on its host cell for protein translation. My opinion is that it should still be called Mimi ‘virus’.
ReplyDelete2. The viruses are called virophages, the specific name is Sputnik. It acts more like a parasite within the Mimiviruse. The sputnik hijacks the mimiviruse’s replication factories, instead of the virus making copies of itself, it forcing it to make copies of Sputnik. The result is that the spread of mimivirus in the amoeba is slowed. “Two organisms crammed into another creates a lot of free-floating genetic material. “ That was stated by Eugene Koonin, it makes one wonder if the viruses combined together could make a more resistant one, or “Maybe one day we could be fighting viruses with other viruses,” says Didier Raoult.
3. A macronucleus is one of two main nuclei in a protozoa. The macronucleus (MAC) is responsible for the somatic functions—cell growth, protein synthesis, and respiration. It is the larger of the two nuclei. Where they differ most drastically, other than size, is with reproduction. The MAC is first off formed from the micronucleus (MIC). The MIC is described as the “genetic blueprint” for the MAC; the MAC cannot sexually reproduce, but it is capable of amitosis. In this whole reproduction process its main job is to express the genes, and hold the genetic material in its system in chromosome form. The MAC having more items in its space would need the larger accommodations. I would choose to live there because it is the hub from where everything is controlled and centered around. I cannot really state if it would have cheap rent or be cozy.
(cont.)
4. "Streaking” seems the common practice within the scientific realm to isolate a bacterium. Like Matt and his Marvelous Method, I am going to try to create my own method. Two ideas, one is more far fetch then the other. The problem that seems to arise with trying to get an isolated bacterium is that it reproduces. My idea is an antibiotic that is bacteriostatic to keep it from reproducing. You would probably need to use the streaking method once, but not have to do the monotony of multiple times. My second, (which I admit needs a lot more research put into it, because I don’t even know if I completely understand it) is, somehow using the gram positive/negative on a bacteria. I know it deals with staining but having maybe a heavier end or more of a compound would allow you to line them up or something like that. Just some thoughts.
ReplyDelete5. In this endosymbiosis (one organisms lives inside the other), I am was/ still am thinking along the lines of Matthew Lee’s comment. I think the Paramecium does not have the enzymes to breakdown and digest the algea. His thoughts about genetics and inducer were good! I was leaning towards the idea that like humans we cannot digest corn or cellulous and that could be the same for the Paramecium.
6. In being either single celled or multicellular it all comes down to two words: survive and thrive. Muliticellular has a better chance in accomplishing those two goals set before them. Protection in having many gives structure and security to the organism. From there you get cell differentiation which is an essential element to developing more individualistic grouping of cells to have more capacities. In creating more capacities it enables the organism to change faster in or to a new environment allowing it to adapt and not become deceased. Comprehension and memory is only brought forth in multicellular organism; I consider those as advantages, also.
1. When people think of bacterium =, they come across the idea that it has the capability of infecting other cells. The Mimi virus falls under this characterisitic, most of its characteristics support it’s hypothesis of being a bacteria. The Mimi virus, also known as the “ mimicking microbe”, has caused much controversy among scientists due to its genome, structure, and structure. It is estimated to contain about 979 protein coding genes, reaching the requirements for a virus. However the virus does not exhibit some requirements necessary for life. For instance, it cannot replicate, cannot divide, or grow. I would personally say that the Mimi virus is a true virus and not a living cell.
ReplyDelete2. When the Mimi virus is infected by the Sputnik virophage it inhibits the replication of the Mimi virus. It causes the virus to produce fewer and more deformed particles causing the virus to stop growing. Mimi virus particles, act as a sort of parasite that sicken the host.
3. A macronucleus is the larger nucleus in ciliates, bacteria containing cilia. The macronucleus contains many copies of each of the hundreds of chromosomes, and thus does not have to undergo mitosis. Therefore, a macronucleus would be a nice place to live, since the rent is consistent and living conditions constantly comfortable.
4. One way that I would isolate the bacterium from the virus is to use a process called ‘streaking’. They separate the cells by agitating them and separate them apart. In this case you would separate the strands from the virus until you come across each bacterium, which then would be completely isolated.
5. The paramecium cannot digest the algae because the algae grows and divides at the same rate that is being attacked by the host. I believe this is due to a certain trait that causes the paramecium to able to recognize not to eat it, and might use a “fighting off” mechanism. Ultimately , although scientists might come with this conclusion or any other you can’t disagree with the fact that God made it this complex under his own will.
6. The advantage of being multicellular is that cells work as a team to help each other survive and sustain life. For example, if one dies there are more copies of the same cell that live and replace the non-existing cells. Since there are more cells they can continue on performing diverse tasks that our bodies depend on to live.
1. the Mimivirus breaks the trend of viruses being simple, non-living particles that are unable to metabolize/replicate independently of a host. This virus is tremendously complex, with one of the largest virus genomes of all viruses. The actual physical structure of the MIMIVIRUS is very much alike to parasitic bacterium. It looks like a cell in many ways. It differs form a cell because it cannot replicate on its own (has to infect another cell and replicate inside yarayarayara). i think its a true virus - it is an infectious agent that can only replicate inside cells of another living organism.
ReplyDelete2.Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus is infected with other viruses (just goes to show its size in comparison with other viruses). one virus that infects the MIMI is the sputnik virophage. One reason the sputnik might infect the MIMI is to gain easy access to whatever the MIM will infect. If the mimivirus infects an amoeba, and i (sputnik) want to get into an amoeba, it would be easier for me to hop in the mimvirus and hitch a ride into the amoeba. Sputnik acts as an amoeba parasite.
3.A macronucleus is the larger type of ciliate nucleus. Macronucleus controls metabolism. It is good because it maintains a constant genome. It is also good to be in a macronucleus for its specific protein building capabilities. It also does not undergo mitosis.
4. i could try, but i would fail. Maybe if you somehow destroyed the bateria's self-replicating codes, it might just sit on the slide. You could use a process called streaking, but that's not my own idea.
5. because God designed it that way. probably something to do with chemical receptors between paramecium and algae tell the paramecium not to digest it. maybe the algae somehow resists digestion.
6. advantages of being multicellular: ability to do more complex tasks. multicellular organisms have more than one cell for each function eg. there is more than one cell controlling metabolism. if metabolism cells were damaged, there would be other cells the replace them
The Mimi Virus was found accidentally in 1992 while studying an outbreak of pneumonia. It was not isolated however until 2003. Their final conclusion was that it was not a living cell due to the fact, despite its immense size being larger than many known bacteria; it is unable to reproduce apart from a host. A living cell, as we defined it in class, must be able to reproduce itself, from itself. Anything that is not able to do that, in my opinion, cannot be classified as a living cell.
ReplyDeleteAs scientists were studying the mimi virus, they were alarmed to see that the virus was in fact also hijacked by another virus. Further tests revealed that the virus was called Sputnik. I believe God created it as a grace gift, because it actually helps regulate the reproduction of the mimi virus. It actually takes over the mimi virus' reproduction factory and produces more of itself. By creating non-viable forms of the mimi virus, it actually begins to cause harm to the mimi virus. It really is amazing that God uses this idea of high jacking a cell, normally thought of as a negative thing, as something very helpful.
A macro nucleus is simply the larger of two nuclei found in ciliate protozoans; its ability to reproduce without mitosis may make believe it is a great spot to live in. However I do not want to live there, despite its apparent stability and size, it does not have the mechanism to precisely divide its complex genome. And I don't know about you guys, but I really don't feel like losing my belongings every time we divide. We'd spend more buying back what we lost than we saved with the cheaper rent.
I would use the very common method known as streaking, which involves the dragging of the species until you have the single cell you are looking for. I feel like it would be significantly more difficult with a bacterial cell than with larger cells, such as plant cells.
The relationship between the Paramecium and the algae can be termed, a symbiotic relationship. Because although the two are separate organisms, they can work together because they each have something the other can provide. The algae resides in the cytoplasm of the Paramecium supplying it with food. While the Paramecium provides the algae with movement and protection.
Although unicellular organisms can work effectively with symbiotic relationships, a multicellular organism provides that stability needed in order to live an effective life. It is not unlike us humans, a well-structured business with a defined chain of command is able to work more effectively because everyone is aware of who is in charge and what they are trying to accomplish together. While a team of people who simply have a common enemy or goal, is just looking out for itself.For example, in question #5, the algae is not so sweet as to truly want to feed the Paramecium, but it realizes that by doing so it can be provided with a stable system of protection and transportation. The same can be said for the Paramecium, it knows it’s not some sort of taxi, but it sees that it provides a constant and stable food source.
1.The Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus (APMV) or is simply known as Mimi virus, the first representative and prototype member of the mimiviridae, is the largest known DNA virus that was first observed in 1992. Its particle size (750 nm), genome length (1.2 million bp) and large gene repertoire (911 protein coding genes) blur the established boundaries between viruses and parasitic cellular organisms. The Mimi virus, “mimicking microbe,” appears to contain many open reading frames (ORFs) previously identified in members of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) group, a group that also includes human pathogens like herpesviruses and smallpox virus. However, the exact constellation of these genes in the Mimi virus genome does not match any of the known NCLDVs. This result led investigators to postulate that Mimi virus probably represents the first identified member of a new class of NCLDVs. In addition, the Mimi virus genome appears to contain many genes needed for processes thought to be hallmarks of life: protein translation and metabolism. Specifically, the Mimi virus genome contains a number of ORFs showing strong homology to genes that encode aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the enzymes that link amino acids to their appropriate tRNA molecules. To these translation-associated genes, the Mimi virus genome includes genes associated with metabolic pathways, DNA repair, and protein folding. Therefore, the Mimi virus is like cells, however, it is also different from cells; it cannot independently reproduce, divide, or replicate by cell division, because of lacking of its ribosomes, and then it depends on its host to process these. Overall, I believe that this Mimi virus, the giant virus, is a true virus (which means it has elements to be the true virus such as its incapability of replicating or dividing by itself) despite of its enormous breadth and complexity of its gene content.
ReplyDelete2.The virus that infects Mimi virus is called “Sputnik” which is a dsDNA virus, referred to as a virophage (virus-eater), that is coassembled with Mimi virus in the host amoeba. Thus, the virophage Sputnik is a satellite virus of the giant Mimi virus and is the only satellite virus reported to date whose propagation adversely affects its host virus' production. This virus lacks an internal membrane and its capsid is organized into a T = 27 lattice in which there are 260 trimeric capsomers and 12 pentameric capsomers. The trimeric capsomers consist of three double “jelly-roll” major capsid proteins creating pseudohexameric capsomer symmetry. The pentameric capsomers consist of five single jelly-roll proteins. The release of the genome by displacing one or more of the pentameric capsomers may be the result of a low-pH environment. This virophage Sputnik could be acting as a direct parasite of Mimi virus, exploiting the Mimi virus replication structure inside the Mimi virus, which means that the Sputnik acts as a satellite parasite to Mimivirus, uses Mimi virus to enter the host cell, and weakens the Mimi virus’s reproduction.
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3.A macronucleus is a larger type of polyploid nucleus in ciliated protozoans. While inheritance is mediated through the small micronucleus, the macronucleus is directing metabolic functions by being transcriptionally active and the latter is responsible for the phenotype of the cells. The macronuclear genome is derived at sexual reorganization during conjugation. This involves various chromosomal rearrangements. During conjugation, the germline sequences are transcribed to produce double-stranded RNA, which can guide specific DNA deletions in the macronuclei. This mechanism-resembling RNAi-provides a means for elimination of transposons and other invaders. Moreover, the macronucleus charges the non-reproductive cell functions, contains hundreds of chromosomes; each present in many copies, and can divide without a process of mitosis. Therefore, I would want to live there because the macronucleus provides an availability of a large space, cheap rent with consistency, and a circumstance with the comfort. It is a nice place to live.
ReplyDelete4.I would isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide by using a method that is called “streaking” which is a rapid qualitative isolation method. The techniques commonly used for isolation of discrete colonies initially require that the number of organisms in the inoculums be reduced. It is essentially a dilution technique that involves spreading a loopful of culture over the surface of an agar plate. The resulting diminution of the population size ensures that, following inoculation, individual cells will be sufficiently far apart on the surface of the agar medium to effect a separation of the different species present. In the streaking procedure, a sterile loop or swab is used to obtain an uncontaminated microbial culture. The process is called "picking colonies" when it is done from an agar plate with isolated colonies and is transferred to a new agar or gelatin plate using a sterile loop or needle. The inoculating loop or needle is then streaked over an agar surface. On the initial region of the streak, many microorganisms are deposited resulting in confluent growth or the growth of culture over the entire surface of the streaked area. There are two most commonly used streak patterns, a three sector T streak and a four quadrant streak methods. Accordingly, streak plate technique is used to grow bacteria on a growth media surface so that individual bacterial colonies are isolated and sampled. Isolated colonies indicate a clone of cells, being derived from a single precursor cell. When the selected culture media is inoculated using a single isolated colony, the resulting culture grows from that selected single clone.
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5.Paramecium can eat algae but not digest it by that the algae resists to the host (Paramecium bursaria) lysosomal enzymes in the digestive vacuole and escapes from the digestive vacuole with arising of the budding of the digestive vacuole membrane. For the preservation from the lysosomal fusion, the digestive vacuole membrane with holding the alga differentiates to the perialgal vacuole membrane. Then, the alga localizes at the primary lysosome-less host cell surface by affinity of the perialgal vacuole. Finally, the alga multiplies itself by cell division, creates endosymbiosis, and can survive in the Paramecium bursaria without being digested and with having the symbiotic relationship to each other.
ReplyDelete6.The advantage to being multicellular is that it can adapt easily to change while a single celled organism has difficulty adapting. Also, being multicellular increases the capabilities of performing multiple and forming organs such as a brain, heart, lungs, intestines, etc. Thus, it helps to make a more complex living thing. The differentiation is other advantage to being multicellular which is different cells can become specialized for different purposes, carrying out certain tasks, and be very efficient at them and their functions. Therefore, it allows having a longer lifespan and higher functioning such as living, repairing, and reproducing.
1.The mimi virus since it was discovery has raised many questions about what criteria should be used to distinguish between life and non-life, between cell and virus. The mimi virus unlike most viruses is as large and even larger than some bacterial cells and it is the second largest virus discovered to date. It’s size is not the only thing that is distinct about this virus but also the fact that its genome is the largest viral genome known which sets it apart from the typical virus. One of the main things that sets this virus apart from cells though is the fact that while its genome does code for metabolic pathways it does not code for ribosomal proteins so that it is dependent upon a host cell. This is why I think the mini virus is properly classified as a virus because it lacks the necessary components for sustaining itself and because it can’t divide without a host cell. The mimi virus also lacks the capacity to respond to stimuli which is an important criteria to life as life must be maintained through homeostasis which occurs by responding to stimuli in the environment.
ReplyDelete2. Sputnik is the name of one of the virophages that infects the mimi virus and in doing so it hijacks or uses the viruses for it’s own reproduction while seriously decreasing the mimi viruses own capacity to function. This virophage has been shown to decrease the reproductivity of the mimi virus by up to 70% and often disrupts capsid formation.
3.A macronucleus is a nucleus found in ciliates which are a group of protozoan and it contains more than two paired sets of chromosomes. The reason why the macronucleus would be an ideal place to lives is because of its accessibility. It is large, and you have access to the control center of the cell so that you can impact not just the functions but also the genetic material that codes for future functions.
4. To isolate a single bacteria I would use streaking to minimize the the amount of bacteria and in addition to that I would also implement the uses of chemical compounds that would slow or hinder the reproductive rates of the bacteria whether that is through inhibiting bacteria from obtain the resources it needs or poisoning them to remove them.
5. A paramecium could eat algae and not digest it because it forms a symbiotic relationship with the algae upon the algae entering the paramecium. The algae when it is contained within the paramecium produces through photosynthesis usable resources for the paramecium so I think that this production of resources inhibits a reaction that would completely break down the algae and I think that the fact that upon removal of other food sources the paramecium will eat the algae shows that it is used for nourishment.
6. The advantages of being multicellular are that you have the higher levels of functioning and greater capacity to perform complex task through the integration and communication of the cells. This diversity of cells also allows for more specialization so that each cell can be designed to best perform the role that it has been given within the multicellular organism. These numerous cells also allow for other cells to compensate when one cells function decreases so that there is a system that maintain homeostasis, creating stability and prolonging the longevity of all cells involved by minimizing radical actions.
1 Investigate the Mimi virus and explain how it is like cells but also different from cells. Is this a true virus in your opinion?
ReplyDeleteA: Researchers are searching everyday for either a new cure to diseases or a new discoveries of life on earth. In 1992, such virus was discovered in patients who had pneumonia and was named Mimivirus - short for “mimicking microbe.” Due to its huge size compare to other viruses with the diameter of 400 - 500 nm (750 nm if adds its fibers extending). The first discovery of this virus was first thought to be gram-positive virus, however, after the an intensive study on the virus, it was classified into a group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Mimivirus is known to be dependent on the host unlike cell, it also can not replicate itself. However, it is suggested that its genome including genes derived from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms; cell derived from eukaryotic organism. In my opinion, since mimivirus was detected by the gram stain - a method use to differentiating bacterial species; I believe that it must be somewhat a virus. In addition to that, the inability to reproduce, the environment where it was discovered (the same environment with other viruses), and its structures are other evidences that shows mimivirus is a virus as well. Therefore, to my conclusion, mimivirus looks more like a virus to me. On the other hand, it was suggested that it was derived from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic which gave me another thought of this virus.
2 Mimi virus is infected with viruses. What are these viruses and what could they being doing inside Mimi virus?
The virus that was found in the mimivirus is called Sputnik Virophage. It uses mimivirus to reproduced itself; like a host.
3 What is a macronucleus and why would you want to live there? cheap rent? cozy?
Marcronucleus is larger type of nucleus in the ciliates, it undergo direct division without mitosis, it contains hundreds of chromosomes - each presented in many copies, it has less complex than other cell. It gives more rooms to live in and less complexity with cheap rent as well as cozy environment.
4 How would you isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide?
Streaking method is used to isolated a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria. It is tested by taking a sample of a colonial bacteria and then a microbiological culture can be grown on a new plate so that the organism can be identified, studied, or tested.
5 How can Paramecium eat algae but not digest it?
Because the Paramecium feeds on microorganisms through its mouth by using its cilias together with water to swap the foods into its body. However, it knows which algae it needed to digest and which algae it doesn’t need to digest. This is due to the fact that Paramecium uses this algae like a salve to get energy and both benefit from each other in a process called symbiosis.
6 What is the advantage to being multicellular?
The advantages to being multicellular are: be able to specialize on a certain function which provides facilitation and efficiency. It also can form other organs such as brain, heart, lung, etc.
The discovery of the Mimivirus was monumental and sparked fascinating new theories. The Mimi virus is similar to cells large, complex genome in relation to other viruses; in fact, the name "Mimivirus" is short for "mimicking microbe." A virus, as defined by an online medical resource, is "a microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or reproduce apart from a living cell." By this definition, I would not consider the Mimivirus a true virus because of the fact that it is the size of some bacteria, it contains codes for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis that even some small bacteria do not possess, and it is not dependent on the host cell for genome for coding the metabolic pathways. However, the Mimivirus is reliant on the host cell for the translation of protein and metabolism of energy, which on the other hand is characteristic of most viruses.
ReplyDeleteThe satellite sputnik virophage is dependent on the mimivirus. One hypothesis is that the virophages could be vehicles that mediate lateral gene transfer between the viruses.
A macronucleus is "the larger of two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans that controls the non-reproductive functions of the cell." It would be nice to live in the macronucleus because all the "everyday tasks" would be controlled and taken care of.. built-in maintenance/ maid/ manager service!
An article in an electroanalysis journal recorded a process used to isolate a single cell of bacteria from microbial fuel cells. They used "biological laser printing to isolate different bacterium from complex environmental samples. BioLP can be used to print droplets containing a single cell directly from liquid culture. Isolated species were identified through 16S rDNA analysis of pure cultures derived from the printed samples." Another method used aggregates to break up bacteria in 1 gram of soil "such that a suspension of single cells is achieved."
Multi-cellular organisms are able to specialize, perform complicated tasks, and are more efficient at completing the simpler tasks. Even "single-celled" cells function within the confines of another cell or with the aid of bacteria, etc; therefore, multi-cellular organisms are fundamental in Creation and have numerous advantages. Ability to thrive in various environments, can grow very large in size, and obtain energy from a variety of food are several other benefits.